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FRM are required to determine the on-orbit uncertainty characteristics of satellite measurements via independent validation activities. The validation measurements shall be traceable to SI working together with National Metrology Institutes and produced together with documented uncertainties. Measurement protocols and data processing standardisation are also required to develop an end-to-end uncertainty budget for each measurement.
Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) are a suite of independent, fully characterized, and traceable ground measurements that follow the guidelines outlined by the GEO/CEOS Quality Assurance framework for Earth Observation (QA4EO).
Source
Copernicus/ESA; Donlan
ESA definition: FRM
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