Terms and definitions

TERM

DEFINITION

SOURCE

accuracy

closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurand; note that it is not a quantity and it is not given a numerical quantity value

VIM/ISO:99, GUM

area (volume) of representativeness

the area (volume) in which the concentration does not differ from the concentration at the station by more than a specific range

Larssen

bias

(1) systematic error of indication of a measuring system

(2) estimate of a systematic measurement error

(3) estimate of a systematic forecast error

(1) VIM/ISO:99

(2) VIM/ISO:99

(3) MACC

calibration

(1) the process of quantitatively defining the system responses to known, controlled signal inputs

(2) operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a  measurement result from an indication

(1) CEOS/ISO:19159

(2) VIM/ISO:99

dead band               (or neutral zone)

maximum interval through which a value of a quantity being measured can be changed in both directions without producing a detectable change in the corresponding indication

VIM/ISO:99

detection limit

measured quantity value, obtained by a given measurement procedure, for which the probability of falsely claiming the absence of a component is β, given a probability α of falsely claiming its presence

VIM/ISO:99

error

(1) measured quantity value minus a reference quantity value

(2) difference of quantity value obtained by measurement and true value of the measurand

(3) difference of forecast value and a, estimate of the true value

(1) VIM/ISO:99

(2) CEOS/ISO:19159

(3) MACC

establish

define, document and implement

CDRH

fiducial

used as a fixed standard of reference for comparison or measurement (fiducial point)

WordNet

fiducial marker

refers to an object placed in the field of view of an imaging system which appears in the image produced, for use as a point of reference or a measure

Deepika

field-of-regard

an area of the object space scanned by the field-of-view of a scanning sensor

NIST

field-of-view

the solid angle from which the detector receives radiation

NIST

footprint

the area of a target encircled by the field-of-view of a detector of radiation, or irradiated by an active system

NIST

geometrical resolution

ability of a sensor system to record signals separately from neighboring object structures

DIN 18716-3

ground sampling distance (GSD)

linear distance between pixel centres on the ground

CEOS/ISO:19159

influence quantity

quantity that, in a direct measurement, does not affect the quantity that is actually measured, but affects the relation between the indication and the measurement result

VIM/ISO:99

in situ measurement

(1) a direct measurement of the measurand in its original place

(2) any sub-orbital measurement of the measurand

(1) CEOS/ISO:19159
(2) GEOSS

instantaneous field of view (IFOV)

opening angle corresponding to one detector element

ISO:19130

measurand

quantity intended to be measured

VIM/ISO:99

metadata

data about the data; parameters that describe, characterise, and/or index the data

WMO

monitoring

(1) systematic evaluation over time of some quantity

(2) by extension, evaluation over time of the performance of a system, of the occurrence of an event etc.

(1) NIST

(2) MACC

point-to-area (point-to-volume) representativeness

the probability that a point measurement lies within a specific range of area-average (volume-average) concentration value

Nappo

positional accuracy

closeness of coordinate value to the true or accepted value in a specified reference system

ISO:19116

precision

(1) measure of the repeatability of a set of measurements. Note that precision is usually expressed as a statistical value based upon a set of repeated measurements such as the standard deviation from the sample mean
(2) closeness of agreement between indications or measured quantity values obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions

(1) ISO:19116
(2) VIM/ISO:99

procedure

specified way to carry out an activity or a process

ISO:9000

process

set of interrelated or interacting activities that use inputs to deliver an intended result

ISO:9000

process validation

establishing documented evidence of a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality characteristics

CDRH

quality

degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfils requirements

ISO:9000

quality assurance

part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled

CEOS/ISO:19159, ISO:9000

quality assessment

term referring to the derivation of quality indicators providing sufficient information to assess whether quality requirements are fulfilled

CEOS

quality control (QC)

(1) QC refers to the activities undertaken to check and optimise accuracy and precision of the data after its collection

(2) part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements

(1) CEOS/ISO:19159

(2) ISO:9000

quality indicator (QI)

a means of providing a user of data or derived product with sufficient information to assess its suitability for a particular application. This information should be based on a quantitative assessment of its traceability to an agreed reference or measurement standard (ideally SI), but can be presented as a numeric or a text descriptor, provided the quantitative linkage is defined.

QA4EO

radiometric calibration

a determination of radiometric instrument performance in the spatial, spectral, and temporal domains in a series of measurements, in which its output is related to the true value of the measured radiometric quantity

NIST

random error

(1) component of measurement error that in replicate measurements varies in an unpredictable manner; note that random measurement error equals measurement error minus systematic measurement error

(2) component of forecast error that varies in an unpredictable manner

(1) VIM/ISO:99

(2) MACC

relative standard uncertainty

standard measurement uncertainty divided by the absolute value of the measured quantity value

VIM/ISO:99

repeatability

measurement precision under set of conditions including the same measurement procedure, same operator, same measuring system, same operating conditions and same location, and replicated measurements over a short period of time

VIM/ISO:99

representativeness

the extent to which a set of measurements taken in a given space-time domain reflect the actual conditions in the same or different space-time domain taken on a scale appropriate for a specific application

Nappo

reproducibility

measurement precision under a set of conditions including different locations, operators, and measuring systems

VIM/ISO:99

resolution

(1) smallest change in a quantity being measured that causes a perceptible change in the corresponding indication
(2) the least angular/linear/temporal/spectral distance between two identical point sources of radiation that can be distinguished according to a given criterion

(3) the least vertical/geographical/temporal distance between two identical atmospheric features that can be distinguished in a gridded numerical product or in time series of measurements; resolution is equal to or coarser than vertical/geographical/temporal sampling of the grid or the measurement time series

(1) VIM/ISO:99
(2) NIST

(3) MACC

stability

Property of a measuring instrument, whereby its metrological properties remain constant in time

VIM/ISO:99

systematic error

component of measurement error that in replicate measurements remains constant or varies in a predictable manner

VIM/ISO:99

system

set of interrelated or interacting elements

ISO:9000

traceability

(1) (metrological traceability) property of a measurement result relating the result to a stated metrological reference (free definition and not necessarily SI) through an unbroken chain of calibrations of a measuring system or comparisons, each contributing to the stated measurement uncertainty

(2) ability to trace the history, application or location of an object, a product or a service

(1) VIM/ISO:99

(2) ISO:9000

traceability chain

sequence of measurement standards and calibrations that is used to relate a measurement result to a reference

VIM/ISO:99

uncertainty

non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used

VIM/ISO:99

validation

(1) the process of assessing, by independent means, the quality of the data products derived from the system outputs

(2) verification, where the specified requirements are adequate for an intended use

(3) confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled

(4) the process of assessing, by independent means, the degree of correspondence between the value of the radiometric quantity derived from the output signal of a calibrated radiometric device and the actual value of this quantity.

(5) confirmation by examination and provision of  objective evidence that specifications conform to user needs and intended uses, and that the particular requirements implemented through software can be consistently fulfilled

(1) CEOS/ISO:19159

(2) VIM/ISO:99

(3) ISO:9000

(4) NIST

(5) CDRH

verification

(1) provision of objective evidence that a given item fulfils specified requirements; note that, when applicable, measurement uncertainty should be taken into consideration.

(2) confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled

(3) the provision of objective evidence that the design outputs of a particular phase of the software development life cycle meet all of the specified requirements for that phase

(1) VIM/ISO:99

(2) ISO:9000

(3) CDRH

vicarious calibration

post-launch calibration of sensors that make use of natural or artificial sites on the surface of the Earth

CEOS/ISO:19159

 

 

 

References

CDRH

Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), General Principles of Software Validation; Final Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, CBER CDRH/OC Doc. N. 938, January 11, 2002. Publicly available via http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm085281.htm

CEOS

CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS): Terms and Definitions and other documents and resources publicly available on http://calvalportal.ceos.org.

Deepika

S. R. Deepika and N. Avinash, in “Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Signal and Image processing”, Volume 1, p. 576, 2012

DIN 18716-3

DIN 18716-3: 1997-07, Photogrammetry and remote sensing - Part 3: Remote sensing terms

GUM

Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM/WG 1) 100:2008, Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in a measurement (GUM), http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf

ISO:9000

ISO 9000:2015(en), Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary

ISO:19116

ISO 19116:2004(en), Geographic information - Positioning services

ISO:19130

ISO/TS 19130-2:2014(en), Geographic information - Imagery sensor models for geopositioning - Part 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonar

ISO:19159

ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(en), Geographic information - Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data — Part 1: Optical sensors

Larrsen

Larssen, S., R. Sluyter, and C. Helmis, Criteria for EUROAIRNET – The EEA Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network, 1999.

MACC

MACC II Service Validation Protocol, Deliverable D153.4, May 2013, http://www.gmes-atmosphere.eu/documents/maccii/deliverables/man/MACCII_MAN_DEL_D_153.1_20130528_Lambert_V2.pdf

Nappo

Nappo, C.J., Caneill J.Y., Furman R.W., Gifford F.A., Kaimal J.C., Kramer M.L., Lockhart T.J., Pendergast M.M, Pielke R.A., Randerson D., Shreffler J.H., and Wyngaard J.C., The Workshop on the Representativeness of Meteorological Observations, June 1981, Boulder, CO, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63, 761-764, 1982.

NIST

Prokhorov, A. V., R. U. Datla, V. P. Zakharenkov, V. Privalsky, T. W. Humpherys, and V. I. Sapritsky, Spaceborne Optoelectronic Sensors and their Radiometric Calibration. Terms and Definitions. Part 1. Calibration Techniques, Ed. by A. C. Parr and L. K. Issaev, NIST Technical Note NISTIR 7203, March 2005.

QA4EO

QA4EO – A Quality Assurance framework for Earth Observation, established by the CEOS. It consists of ten distinct key guidelines linked through an overarching document (the QA4EO Principles) and more community-specific QA4EO procedures, all available on http://qa4eo.org/documentation.html A short QA4EO "user" guide has been produced to provide background into QA4EO and how one would start implementing it (http://qa4eo.org/docs/QA4EO_guide.pdf)

VIM/ISO:99

Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM/WG 2) 200:2012 & ISO/IEC Guide 99-12:2007, International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM), http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html

WMO

WMO Quality Management Framework (QMF), home page at http://www.bom.gov.au/wmo/quality_management.shtmll

WordNet

Princeton University "About WordNet." WordNet. Princeton University. 2010, http://wordnet.princeton.edu.